Use of LED and Photodiode in Pulse Oximetry

Pulse-oximetry technology was available in 1930's itPulse oximetry is a non-invasive and continuous
became easily available only in the 1980's withmethod of determining the amount of oxygenated and
advances in the Light Emitting Diode (LED),deoxygenated hemoglobin in a person's blood supply.
microprocessors, optical plethysmography andA pulse oximeter is a particularly convenient
spectro-photometry. Today pulse-oximetry provides anoninvasive and measurement instrument. It has a pair
simple, non-invasive, portable and inexpensive methodof small light-emitting diodes (LEDs) facing a
to continuously monitor oxygen saturation and heartphotodiode through a translucent part of the patient's
rate with good accuracy.body, usually a fingertip or an earlobe. One LED is red,
A pulse oximeter is a particularly convenientwith wavelength of 660 nm, and the other is infrared,
noninvasive and measurement instrument. It has a pair905, 910, or 940 nm. Absorption at these wavelengths
of small light-emitting diodes (LEDs) facing adiffers significantly between oxyhemoglobin and its
photodiode through a translucent part of the patient'sdeoxygenated form, therefore from the ratio of the
body, usually a fingertip or an earlobe. One LED is red,absorption of the red and infrared light the oxy
with wavelength of 660 nm, and the other is infrared,deoxyhemoglobin ratio can be calculated. The
905, 910, or 940 nm. Absorption at these wavelengthsabsorbance of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin
differs significantly between oxyhemoglobin and itsis the same (isosbestic point) for the wavelengths of
deoxygenated form, therefore from the ratio of the590 and 805 nm; earlier oximeters used these
absorption of the red and infrared light the oxywavelengths for correction for hemoglobin
deoxyhemoglobin ratio can be calculated. Theconcentration.
absorbance of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobinUses of pulse oximetry-
is the same (isosbestic point) for the wavelengths of- This helps clinician in
590 and 805 nm; earlier oximeters used these- Noninvasive arterial oxygen saturation monitoring.
wavelengths for correction for hemoglobin- Pulse rate monitoring.
concentration.